Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease: Predicting Disease Progression and Treatment Response

Original Article

Abstract

Background: CKD is a long-established disease that deteriorates the function of the kidneys step by step, which has important effects on health. Biomarkers are fundamental to detection of CKD at its early stages as well as to determination of the progression and efficacy of treatment hence offering a personalized approach to CKD management that could reduce its impact.

Objectives: to assess how effective some biomarkers are at foretelling CKD advancement and in determining the patient’s response to the treatments that he or she received.

Study Design: A Cross-sectional study.

Place and duration of study. Department of Rheumatology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from 05 Jan 2023 to 05 Jan 2024

Methods: one hundred and twenty patients with CKD. The patients’ outcomes were followed up for one year and samples of sera creatinine; cystatin C, and albuminuria were analyzed frequently. Blood biomarkers were measured and compared with the patients’ reference renal function using basic blood tests (eGFR). Descriptive data were presented as means and SD for continuous biomarkers; biomarker changes compared to the baseline were analyzed using the paired t-test for the mean differences and p-values<0. 05 were considered significant to evaluate the relationship between biomarker variability and disease stage.

Results: baseline eGFR was 48. 5 ± 12. 4 mL/min/1. 73 m² in 120 patients. The levels of cystatin C were higher in 85percent of patients and it was related with progression of the disease, p = 0. 03 SD ± 1. 8. Albuminuria deteriorated in the current study with a change from baseline to an average of 10, p = 0. 01, suggesting the deterioration of renal function. Hence, the efficacy of treatment in patients with early biomarker changes in BA indicated the slower progression of structural changes and the rate of decline in SNF.

Conclusions: Renal biomarkers including cystatin C and albuminuria remain important in monitoring CKD outcomes and_Response_: It is evident that biomarkers such as cystatin C and albuminuria are useful in prognosis and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment for CKD. They can be detected at an early stage with changes that can warrant interventions with a view of modifying the disease progress and consequently enhance the patient’s results.

Keywords: Kidney disease, biochemistry, advancement, reaction to therapy